The time needed for the bread to rise after kneading, also known as the bulk fermentation or the first rise, can vary depending on the recipe, ambient temperature, and the type of bread you're making. Typically, the bulk fermentation period ranges from 1 to 2 hours, but some recipes may call for longer or shorter times.
During this rise, the dough develops flavor and structure as yeast ferments the sugars, producing carbon dioxide that causes the dough to expand. A longer bulk fermentation period allows for better gluten development and a more developed flavor in the final bread.
Here are some general guidelines:
Regular bread: For most standard bread recipes (white bread, whole wheat bread, etc.), a bulk fermentation time of around 1.5 to 2 hours at room temperature (around 70°F to 75°F or 21°C to 24°C) is common. You can adjust the time based on how the dough looks and feels. It should roughly double in size.
Artisan or sourdough bread: These bread types often benefit from a longer fermentation period to develop their distinctive flavors. Bulk fermentation for 3 to 4 hours or even longer is not uncommon. Some sourdough recipes might even suggest overnight fermentation in the refrigerator.
No-knead bread: No-knead bread recipes typically have longer fermentation times, ranging from 12 to 18 hours, but the dough is usually left to ferment at room temperature for convenience.
It's important to keep in mind that time is just one factor in the bulk fermentation process. The dough's appearance, volume, and texture are essential indicators of its readiness. You should look for the dough to roughly double in size, and it should feel airy and slightly puffy when gently pressed with your finger. Underproofed dough will be too dense, while overproofed dough may collapse during shaping and result in a flat loaf.
Experimenting with different fermentation times and learning to read the dough's signs will help you determine the best bulk fermentation duration for your specific bread recipe and desired outcome. As you gain experience, you'll develop a better sense of timing and achieve consistent, delicious results.