If you put raw potatoes in the fridge for just one day, they should still be safe to eat. While it's true that refrigerating raw potatoes for an extended period can lead to changes in taste and texture, one day is generally not enough time for significant alterations.
Refrigeration can cause the starches in potatoes to convert to sugars more quickly, potentially leading to a sweeter taste and altering their texture when cooked. This can be undesirable for certain recipes, such as mashed potatoes. However, for most cooking purposes, the potatoes should still be usable.
To determine if your potatoes are still good, look for any signs of spoilage. Check for mold, soft spots, sprouting, or a foul odor. If the potatoes look and smell fine, they are likely safe to cook and eat.
If you are unsure about their quality or simply don't want to risk it, you can always discard them and get fresh potatoes. But if they appear to be in good condition, feel free to use them for your meals without worry.