If the freezer compartment of a refrigerator gets too cold, it can have some negative effects on the food stored inside, but it's not necessarily a safety concern. Freezing temperatures below the optimal range can impact the quality and texture of certain foods, but they will generally remain safe to eat as long as they were safe to eat before being frozen.
Here are some potential issues that can occur if the freezer compartment gets too cold:
Freezer Burn: Extremely low temperatures can cause freezer burn on food items. Freezer burn occurs when the moisture in the food evaporates, and the exposed parts of the food become dehydrated and develop a dry, discolored, and possibly tough texture. While freezer burn doesn't make the food unsafe to eat, it can affect the taste and overall quality of the food.
Texture Changes: Some foods, particularly fruits and vegetables, may experience changes in texture and become mushy or soft if the freezer is too cold. Again, this doesn't render the food unsafe, but it can make it less enjoyable to eat.
Food Quality: Foods stored for an extended period in an excessively cold freezer might suffer from a decline in quality, taste, and nutritional value. The length of time a food can be stored without significant quality degradation depends on the type of food and its initial quality before freezing.
Energy Consumption: Running a freezer at extremely low temperatures can lead to unnecessary energy consumption, which might not be cost-effective in the long run.
To prevent these issues, it's essential to maintain the freezer compartment at the proper temperature. The ideal freezer temperature is generally between -18°C to -15°C (0°F to 5°F). Most modern refrigerators have temperature controls that allow you to adjust the freezer's temperature accordingly.
If you notice that the freezer compartment is excessively cold, it's a good idea to check the temperature setting and adjust it if necessary. If the problem persists, there might be an issue with the refrigerator's thermostat or temperature sensor, and it would be best to have it checked by a professional appliance technician.