Electricity travels through wires to power appliances using a phenomenon called electrical current. Electrical current is the flow of electric charge, typically carried by electrons, through a conductive medium like a wire.
The process begins at a power source, such as a power plant or a battery, where electrical energy is generated. This electrical energy is in the form of voltage, which is a measure of electrical potential difference. The power source creates a potential difference between the positive and negative terminals, establishing an electrical field.
When a circuit is connected, such as when you plug in an appliance, the electrons in the wire experience an electric force due to the potential difference. The force drives the electrons to move in a particular direction, creating an electric current.
Inside the wire, the electrons move from the negative terminal (the source with excess electrons) toward the positive terminal (the terminal with a deficit of electrons). This movement is from areas of higher electron concentration (negative) to areas of lower electron concentration (positive).
The wire used for electrical connections is typically made of a conductive material, such as copper or aluminum, which allows electrons to move freely. These materials have many free electrons in their atomic structure, which can easily move when an electric field is applied.
As the electrons move through the wire, they encounter resistance from the wire material. This resistance is measured in ohms and is responsible for the heating effect observed in some wires. To minimize resistance and ensure efficient power transmission, wires are often designed with larger cross-sectional areas and made from materials with low resistivity.
When the electric current reaches the appliance, it powers the device by providing the necessary electrical energy. The appliance's internal circuitry uses this energy to perform various functions, such as generating heat, producing mechanical motion, or powering electronic components.
In summary, electricity travels through wires by the movement of electrons driven by an electric potential difference. The conductive wire allows the electrons to flow, while resistance in the wire and within the appliance limits the current and enables the desired functionality.